G B 

XL^ . U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 




WEATHER BUREAU. 



INSTRUCTIONS TO 

SPECIAL 

RIVER AND RAINFALL OBSERVERS 

OF THE WEATHER BUREAU. 



PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OP THE 
SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 




WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 

1909. 





Gass Ot'B l ? 05 
Book 



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W. B. No. 415. 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

WEATHER BUREAU. 



INSTRUCTIONS TO 
SPECIAL 
RIVER AND RAINFALL OBSERVERS 
OF THE WEATHER BUREAU. ^ t 



PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE 
SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 



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WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT TRINTING OFFICE. 

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DEC 7 1909 






NOTE TO SPECIAL EIVEK AND EAINPALL OBSEEYEES. 



U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Weather Bureau, 

Washington, D. C, August 1, 1909. 
■ The accompanying Instructions to Special River and Rainfall 
Observers, Weather Bureau, are published for the information of all 
concerned. 

Willis L. Moore, 
Oliief, TJ. S. Weather Bureau. 



Note. — This book should be kept neat and clean. When an observer is relieved, 
or is temporarily absent from his station, he will turn over these instructions to his 
successor, obtaining his receipt for the same, and will please forward this receipt, by- 
mail, to the observer in charge of the district. 

(3) 



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INSTRUCTIONS * 

FOR 

SPECIAL RIVER AND RAINFALL OBSERVERS. 



OBJECT OF RIVER AND RAINFALL OBSERVATIONS. 

The river and rainfall stations of the Weather Bureau are main- 
tained primarily for the purpose of giving warning of the approach, 
magnitude, and duration of high waters, and for forecasting water 
stages at all heights, in the interest of navigation on the inland water- 
ways of the country. The river and precipitation data are also of 
great value to various other interests, particularly to those concerned 
with the problems of irrigation and water supply. 

DISTRICT CENTERS. 

For the better supervision and control of the work, the special 
stations are arranged in districts. These districts are under the direc- 
tion of officials at regular meteorological stations of the Weather 
Bureau (designated the district centers), and are usually at the lower 
end of the district. 

All correspondence relating to the work of substations, the furnish- 
ing of supplies, renewal of gages, settling of accounts, employment of 
observers, etc., is conducted through the official in, charge at the dis- 
trict center to which the station is assigned. 

Observers are furnished with penalty envelopes for correspondence 
with the district center and with the Central Office in Washington, 
D. C. No postage is required on letters regarding the work of the 
station when inclosed in penalty envelopes. 

Persons accepting positions as special river and rainfall observers of 
the Weather Bureau become authorized agents of the United States, and 
are amenable to the laws in case of neglect of duty. 

River gages are constructed at the expense of the United States, 
except where in cases previous to the establishment of river stations, 
there are gages already in existence, the property of municipahties, 
counties, townships, or corporations, in which cases there will, as a 
rule, be no gages erected if permission can be obtained to use those 
already installed. 

(6) 



Duplication of gages will be avoided when possible, both in the- 
interest of economy, and to prevent confusion arising from double 
records of stages. 

The records of stages are carefully preserved at Washington and 

printed from time to time. They are accessible to interested persons 

at all times. 

SUPPLIES. 

Supplies of blank forms, franked and addressed envelopes, rain 
gages, measuring sticks, etc., are furnished to observers upon appli- 
cation to the official in charge of the district center. Timely requisi- 
tion will be made for such supplies as are needed, and the needs of 
the station must be so anticipated as to allow ample time for the 
delivery of the articles from the Central Office at Washington, D. C, 
through the district center. One month is sufficient for this. 

INSTRUCTIONS. 

The duties of a river observer consist in noting on a form furnished 
for the purpose — 

First. The height of water on the gage, with change in twenty- 
four hours. 
Second. Depth of rain or melted snow, with times of beginning 

and ending. 
Third. Actual depth of snow, if any, since last observation. 
Fourth. Direction of wind. 
Fifth. State of weather. 

Sixth. Depth of snow, if any, on ground on 15th and last day of 
month; also date on which last snow of season disappeared. 
A postal card containing a record of the observations is also mailed 
daily, when required, to the official in charge of the district center. 

A postal card (Form 1049, Met'l) containing the original record of 
the daily stages of 'water in the river is mailed on the last day of each 
month to the Chief, U. S. ¥/eather Bureau, Washington, D. C. 

Telegraphic reports are also made under certain conditions as here- 
inafter set forth. 

The duties of a rainfall observer consist in noting on a form fur- 
nished for the purpose — 

First. The depth of rain or melted snow, with times of beginning 
and ending. 

Second. Actual depth of snow, if any, since last observation. 
Third. Direction of wind. 
Fourth. State of weather. 

Fifth. Depth of snow, if any, on ground on 15th and last day of 
month. 

A postal card containing a record of the observations is also 
mailed daily, when required, to the official in charge of the district 
center. 



Telegraphic reports are also made under certain conditions, as 
hereinafter set forth. 

All reports will be rendered to the officials in charge of the district 
centers, who will disseminate the information so as to best subserve 
the interests of the public. 

The height of water on the gage should be noted to the nearest 
tenth of a foot each day, including Sundays and holidays. 

This can only be done accurately when the water is placid; in a 
rough or turbulent stream, or when there is much wind, the waves 
prevent an accurate reading. In such a case the tenths must be esti- 
mated as near as possible, by taking the average of the highest and 
lowest marks on the gage which the water is seen to touch. 

The depth of rain or of melted snow, or of melted snow and rain, 
must be given in inches and hundredths of an inch, properly separated 
by a decimal point. 

A measurement of the actual depth of the snowfall since last obser- 
vation must always be made and entered in inches and tenths of an 
inch. 

In addition to measuring the depth of snowfall since the last obser- 
vation, a measurement should be made of the actual depth in inches 
and tenths of an inch of the accumulated snow on the ground at the 
time of the observation, on the 15th and last day of the month. 

It is desired, if it can be readily determined, that the observer report 
in the space on the form prepared for that purpose the date on which 
the last snow of the season disappeared. 

Full instructions as to the method used to obtain the above data 
will be found under the head of ''To measure rainfall or snowfall." 

The direction of wind will be designated by the eight principal 
points of the compass, viz: N., NE., E., SE., S., SW., W., and NW., 
legibly written. When there is no wind the word ''Calm" should be 
recorded. 

The state of weather will be determined and recorded with reference 
to the degree of cloudiness, and whether or not precipitation is falling 
or likely to fall soon ; thus when the sky is three-tenths or less covered 
with clouds, record "Clear;'" four to seven tenths, inclusive, "Partly 
cloudy;" eight to ten tenths, "Cloudy;" and "Sprinkling," "Light 
rain," "Heavy rain," "Light snow," "Heavy snow," "Sleeting," 
"Hailing," "Threatening," "Clearing," when these conditions exist. 
When light fog, light haze, or light smoke is observed with no clouds, 
the state of the weather will be recorded as "Clear." 

Any unusual occurrences connected with the stages of the water in 
the river, such as the presence of floating ice, timber, etc., formation 
and breaking up of ice gorges and other obstructions, also thunder- 
storms, hailstorms, tornadoes, and earthquakes, should be noted. 



8 

Observers should, when possible, have substitutes capable of per- 
forming all the duties of a river observer, in order that there may be 
no interruption of the work in case of sickness or unavoidable absence 
from the station on the part of the regular observer. Members of the 
observers' families are very often instructed in the work. 

TIME OF OBSERVATION. 

The observation of the river stage will be made daily at 8 a. m., 75th 
meridian time, except when otherwise directed. 

In all cases the 75th meridian time of observation should be given in 
the proper space at the head of the form, whether 8 a. m. or some 
other time. 

The observations in feet and tenths of a foot will be written in the 
first column of the monthly blank form. 

When the stage is below the zero of the gage it will be written in 
the form with a minus ( — ) sign before it. 

The rise or fall will be given in the proper column on the form in 
feet and tenths of a foot. When the change is a fall it should have 
the minus ( — ) sign placed before it. 

SPECIAL OBSERVATIONS. 

Special observations of the stage of water will be made at other 
times of the day than 8 a. m. when requested by the official in charge 
of a district center or by the Central Office in Washington, or when 
the river is near, at, or above the flood stage. 

It is desirable to have a special observation of the highest stage 
reached by the water in the case of the very great rises, without any 
request from a district center. In many cases the stage in a rise will 
reach in the course of the day several feet above the 8 a. m. stage and 
fall several feet before the time of the next regular observation on 
the day following. 

When the rise in a river is very sudden and great, and, in the judg- 
ment of the observer, dangerous to points below, the stage will be tele- 
graphed to the district center and to the places most interested in the 
information, according to such special instructions as may be given to 
each observer. 

Special observations will contain exactly the same information as a 
regular report, but the rainfall after being measured should not be 
emptied out of the gage, but left therein until the next regular obser- 
vation, when, after measuring, it will be poured out. 

RIVER GAGE. 

A river stage is the vertical height of the water surface in feet above 
some definite plane, the zero of the gage usually, at, or somewhere 
near, the level of the lowest water that has occurred. A river gage is 
a device for observing the river stage. 



When possible without too great expense, river gages are made 
vertical. They consist of a plank or planks, usually 2 inches thick 
and 8 to 12 inches wide, fastened to a bridge pier or piling or other 
structure, and of sufficient length to cover the greatest range in height 
of water ever likely to occur. The planks are graduated to feet and 
tenths, and the height of the surface of the water in the river can be 
read on it by estimation to the nearest tenth of a foot. 

Sometimes river gages consist of a strip of the surface of a stone pier 
dressed smooth so as to receive the necessary marking and numbering. 

When a river gage can not be set vertically, it is laid along the 
bank according to the slope of the ground. It should then be made 
of heavy timbers, at least 6 by 6 inches, and preferably of oak, hard 
pine, or Oregon fir, embedded in the ground, with the top surface 
even with the surface of the ground on the river bank. Strap iron 
J inch thick and 2 inches v/ide, is spiked along the top and upstream 
sides, and on the toppiece are cut the foot and intermediate marks. 
The even foot marks are also indicated by figures, in brass or paint, 
on the timber. The foot marks on a gage of this kind must be accu- 
rately located by a civil engineer. 

Very substantial inclined gages are made of concrete or lengths 
of block stone, with bars of railroad iron inlaid, on which the foot 
marks are cut. 

It is not always possible at the time of setting a gage to put the 
zero of graduation at the exact level of the lowest water apt to occur, 
or the lowest that has occurred in a long period of years. In such 
cases the gage should be finished as far down as possible, and com- 
pleted when the water falls sufficiently low. 

When a stage of water below the zero occurs it is read as a minus 
stage. It is desirable that the zero should be put so low that this will 
never occur, as the minus sign is apt to lead to confusion. The bed 
of the river channel usually makes the best zero mark. 

When a gage is once established and a long record of readings made, 
it is not advisable to make any change in its zero on any pretext 
whatever, even if a stage lower than any ever before known should 
occur. 

For the purpose of ascertaining from time to time any changes that 
may occur in the level of the zero of a gage or any of its marks, a 
bench mark should be established close by the gage or somewhere in 
its vicinity. A bench mark consists of some accessible, presumably 
permanent, point or surface, the difference in level between which and 
the zero or some other mark on the gage is knowm by actual leveling 
between the two. When this difference is found to vary it is presumed 
it indicates a corresponding change in the level of the marks of the 
gage, requiring either adjustment of the gage or correction of its 
readings. 

6082—09 2 



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A bench mark is essential in case a river gage is to be repaired or 
renewed, in order that the new gage may be set at exactly the same 
level as it was before. On a bridge pier the top surface of the largest 
stone accessible in the top course of masonry is often used as a bench 
mark. Sometimes a bench mark is the top surface of a large stone 
buried in the ground specially for the purpose of estab- 
lishing a permanent surface. Prominent surfaces in 
stone buildings are good places for permanent bench 
marks. A copper bolt, or metal plate, set in the stone 
wall of some public building, such as the custom-house, 
post-office, or city hall, is a common device for a bench 
mark in a large city. 

The river gages used by the Weather Bureau are partly 
shown in figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4. The design best adapted 
to any particular location will be used in each case. 

The specifications to be followed in procuring bids for 
the construction of these gages are as follows : 



SPECIFICATIONS FOR RIVER GAGE SHOWN IN FIG. 1. 

The river gage will be made of sound pine or oak 
timber, free from knots or shakes, 2 inches in thick- 
ness, 12 inches in width, and of such a length as 
to extend, if possible, from 2 or more feet below the 
zero point to about 5 feet above the highest known 
water. The face of the plank upon which the gradua- 
tions are to be made, and the top, bottom, and sides, 
will be planed smooth, and wdll receive two coats of 
the best white-lead paint. The face will then be grad- 
uated as follows: 

Commencing at the point which will correspond to the 
zero, graduate the gage both above and below that point 
in feet and tenths of feet. 

The graduations will be chiseled or burnt into the 
wood to the depth of about one-eighth of an inch and 
then given two coats of the best black paint. The 
marks for even feet will extend entirely across the face 
of the gage; those for half -feet one-half the distance 
across, beginning on the left side, and those for the 
intermediate graduations one-fourth of the distance 
across, beginning on the left side. Even feet will also 
be shown by the appropriate figures, 6 inches in height, on the 
right side of the gage, and so placed that the marks for even feet 
will exactly bisect the figures. The figures will also be chiseled 
or burnt into the wood to the depth of about one-eighth of an 
inch, and then given two coats of the best black paint. The legend, 



Fig. 1. 



11 



U. S. Weather Bureau, should be painted in black across the top of 
the gage. 

Having graduated the gage, select a pile or other stationary object 
on some portion of the levee, wharf, or bank where the gage will be 
secure from injury. Lower the gage into the water, taking care to 
keep it in a vertical position until it touches the bed of the river or 
its zero is the point of lowest water ; then securely fasten it by spikes 
or bolts. 

SPECIFICATIONS FOR RIVER GAGE SHOWN IN FIG. 2. 

Procure a piece of pine, cypress, or oak timber about 6 by 6 inches, 
and of sufficient length to cover the full range of the river between 
extreme low and high water marks. This timber will be placed in 



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Fig. 2. 



the river bank, firmly embedded in the earth, leaving 1^ inches 
exposed above the level of the ground. 

To secure this form of gage thoroughly it will be necessary to 
attach it to 4 by 6 or 6 by 6 inch oak, cedar, locust, or fir posts, driven 
6 feet into the ground, and placed 6 feet apart. The upper edge of 
the gage should be planed smooth, and a strap of iron, i by 2 inches 
screwed along the top on the upstream side, and graduated in feet 
and tenths of feet, after being placed in position, taking the point of 
lowest water, or that which has been selected as the zero of the scale, 
and locating the feet and tenths both above and below that point. 
The graduations for this gage will be the same as for the gage shown 
in fig. 1. Especial pains should be taken in graduating the gage to 
see that the distances marked off upon it for each foot and its subdi- 
visions correspond exactly to a vertical foot and its subdivisions of 



12 

which it is a measure. This should be done by means of an ordinary 
carpenter's square and a spirit level. 

It is also very desirable that this form of gage should have its top 
surface covered with two coats of the best white lead or zinc paint, 
with the proper figures opposite the even footmarks on the iron strap 
in black paint and not less than 4 inches in length. Figures should 
also be burnt in before painting, as permanent markings are thereby 
secured. 

SPECIFICATIONS FOR RIVER GAGE SHOWN IN FIG. 3. 

Where a stone pier or abutment is available, a very durable gage 
can be made by dressing a face, 12 inches in width, from extreme low 



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water to as far above as may be necessary. The dressed surface 
should be covered with two coats of the best black paint, preferably 
asphaltum, after ail holes and indentations in the pier have been 
filled with cement. 

The space, both above and below the point at which the zero will 
be placed, will be graduated with two coats of the best white lead or 
zinc paint into feet and tenths of feet. Markings for even feet will 
extend entirely across the gage ; those for half feet one-half the way 
across, beginning on the left side; and those for the intermediate 
graduations one-quarter of the way across, beginning on the left 
side. All markings will be one-quarter of an inch in width. The 
figures for the even foot marks will be in white, 5 inches in height, 
and the center of each figure must be over the foot line at the right. 

SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION AND INSTAL- 
LATION OF GAGE-BOXES FOR CHAIN AND WEIGHT 
RIVER GAGES. 

(United States Geological Survey pattern.) 

The material, except lumber and paint and heavy bolts, will be 
furnished by the Weather Bureau. 

The box will be made of |-inch oak, cypress, or hard pine lumber, 
planed smooth on both sides, and free from knots and shakes. It 
will be 15 feet in length, 6 inches in width at the bottom (inside 
measurement), 6 inches in height on one side and 4 inches on the 
other. The top will be fastened to the 4-inch side by 6-inch hinges, 
the hinges being secured, by l}-inch tire bolts and clamped inside the 
box with washers and nuts. The hinges will be placed one at each 
end of the box and also at intervals of 3 feet, making 6 hinges in all. 
They will be bent around the bottom of the box so that the lower 
screw bolt of each can be driven into the box from the under side. 
A hasp and staple will be attached to the middle of the box in the 
usual manner, using Ij-inch tire bolts. The lock will be attached 
with a staple or clamp that can be clinched inside the box. 

The pulley will be mounted on the 6-inch side of the box, as shown 
in diagram attached, and directly below it the bottom of the box will 
be sawed out. 

A slot one-half inch in depth and width will be cut in the middle 
of the top of the end of the box nearest the pulley. When not in 
use, the weight can then be drawn up, lifted over the end, and placed 
in the box, with the chain in the slot. This will admit of the box 
being securely locked, leaving only a few inches of chain exposed. 

The scale will be graduated in feet and tenths of a foot on the 
6-inch side of the box (inside), beginning at the inner edge of the 
pulley frame and ending at the far end of the box. The whole feet 
will be marked with 2-inch staples, half -foot marks with 1-inch 



14 



staples, and intermediate graduations with J-inch staples. One 
staple will be used at each foot and half-foot mark and intermediate 

graduation. The brass figures for the 
even feet will then be screwed to the bot- 
tom of the box. The scale limits of each 
will be furnished by the official in charge 
of the district center. A hook will be 
provided at the far end of the box to 
hold the ring secured to the end of the 
chain. 

When the zero shall have been estab- 
lished, the weight will be lowered so that 
its bottom just touches the zero point. 
The link of the chain directly opposite 
the zero mark on the scale will then have 
a rivet driven into it and flattened on 
both sides so that it will remain firm 
Should it be necessary to record river 
readings beyond the scale limits of the 
box, the rivet in the chain will be drawn 
up so that it will be exactly opposite the 
highest foot mark on the scale. Another 
rivet will then be driven into that link 
of the chain exactly opposite the zero 
mark on the scale, and readings taken 
using this second rivet as a base. A 
third rivet can also be added if neces- 
sary. In recording readings which are 
beyond the scale limits of the box, the 
second rivet will be used as a zero mark 
instead of the first, and there will be 
added to the observed reading the dis- 
tance between the rivets, which will 
correspond to the highest reading on 
the scale. 

The box will be securely attached by 
its 6-inch side to the guard-rail or side of 
bridge, the former preferred. 

The whole box will be painted with 
two coats of best white lead or zinc 
paint. 

In making requisition for material for 
these gages, officials in charge of river districts will state the length 
of sash chain required. 



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15 

DESCRIPTION OF THE MOTT RIVER GAGE. 

Box. — The gage box and doors are constructed of sand-dried oak 
lumber dressed on all surfaces, |-incli stock, and inside dimensions as 
follows: Height, 18 inches; width, 18 inches; depth, Ih inches. 

Doors. — The box has two doors secured with extension hinges in 
such manner as to permit the doors to swing back against the sides of 
the galvanized-iron box. The entire outside surface of the box, ex- 
cepting the bottom, and including the doors, is covered with No. 24 
galvanized iron. The joints of the galvanized-iron cover are lapped 
and soldered, making the cover water-tight. The galvanized-iron 
cover of the box is painted with two coats of dark-green mineral 
paint, with a label on the doors of the box bearing the words ' Trop- 
erty U. S. Weather Bureau. Penalty for Interference.' 

Lock. — The box is fitted with a brass mortise lock, using the same 
key as is used in the standard padlock for the chain and weight gages 
of the U. S. Weather Bureau and U. S. Geological Survey. 

Mechanism. — The box is fitted with a tape reel consisting of an 
aluminum brake wheel and a brass spider, mounted on a turned cast- 
iron standard and fitted with a wooden handle. A leather brake strap 
and suitable levers for releasing the brake are provided. The brake 
strap is attached to a brass coil spring of sufficient strength to hold 
the weight and tape in any position. An iron guide wheel running 
on a turned axle, secured in the box by a cast-iron standard, is also 
provided. 

Ta'pe and gage. — The tape is made of phosphor-bronze, gV inch in 
thickness and \ inch in width. It is nickeled throughout, excepting 
the relief in which the figures are etched, which is plain. The tape, 
accurately subdivided to feet, with foot marks numbered consecu- 
tively between such limits as may be necessary, is furnished with each 
gage. A 1-foot scale divided into 100 parts, and having every fifth 
division mark suitably numbered, is placed in the box so as to stand 
cornerwise back of the tape in a vertical position. This scale is made 
of No. 16-gage iron, enameled in black and white with six coats of 
enamel, and is attached to an iron bar which projects upward through 
the top of the box, the projecting end being covered by a cast-iron cap 
or cover attached to the box by screws, the object being to provide a 
suitable bench or reference mark outside the box. 

The 1-foot scale is adjustable vertically. A standard weight of the 
pattern used by the U. S. Weather Bureau and the U. S. Geological 
Survey is provided with each gage together with a clip and wire for 
attaching the same to the tape. The gage weight is painted with two 
coats of white enamel paint. 

Miscellaneous. — Each gage contains a covered compartment for the 
observer's record card, etc., instructions for erecting a gage in various 



16 

positions, for attaching the weight, checking the gage datum, and 
operating the gage. 

A rectangular wooden down spout, 16 inches in length, with screw 
for attaching the same, is provided with each gage. 

Each gage is also provided with a screw-driver and a f-inch twist 
drill for use in erecting the gage. 

Operation. — Release brake and slowly unwind tape until weight 
reaches water. Do not run tape all out without holding reel handle. 
Brake will hold reel in position, and observer can stand to one side to 
see that tip of weight just touches water. Read number of even feet 
on bronze tape and tenths of a foot on enameled scale. The figure on 
the tape standing opposite some part of the 1-foot scale gives the 
whole feet; the number of tenths and hundredths on the 1-foot scale 
opposite the index of the number on the tape gives the decimal or 
fractional portion of the gage reading. 

For example, if the number 7 on the tape stands opposite 60 on the 
enameled scale, the gage reading would be 7.6 feet. 

Erection. ^The gage may be bolted to the hand rail of a bridge, if 
not liable to interference, one side being fastened to tie bars that ex- 
tend down to the floor of the bridge. It may also be secured to a 
platform extending beyond the hand rail, the bottom of the box being 
on a level with the top of the rail. When there is no hand rail, as on 
most railroad bridges, the gage may be bolted or secured to vertical 
bridge members; or it may stand on horizontal bridge chords, or be 
attached to two sleepers at their ends. In all cases room must be 
provided for the unobstructed movement of the weight. 

Mott gages ready for installation will be supplied from the central 
office at Washington, D, C, and bids for installation only will be 
necessary. In each instance the exact distance from the zero stage of 
the water to the bottom of the support on which the gage box will 
rest must be furnished. 

RAIN GAGE. 

EXPOSURE OF RAIN GAGE. 

The exposure of the rain gage is a very important matter. The 
most serious disturbing effect in collecting rainfall is the wind. In 
blowing against the gage the eddies of wind formed at the top and 
about the mouth of the gage carry the rain away, so that too little 
is caught. 

Observers will take particular care in selecting a good place for 
the location of a gage, as the value of the records is sometimes 
greatly impaired by improper exposure. It is scarcely necessary 
to say that every precaution should be taken to protect gages from 
the interference of animals and unauthorized persons. Select, if pos- 
sible, a position in some open lot as unobstructed as possible by trees, 



17 

buildings, or fences. Such a place in general affords the best expo- 
sure. Gages should be exposed upon roofs of buildings only when nec- 
essary, and then the roof should be fiat, or nearly so. The middle 
portion of a flat unobstructed roof generally gives the best results. 

Rain gages in slightly different positions differ greatly in the depth 
of rain indicated. Within a few yards of each other two gages may 
show a difference of 20 per cent in the rainfall in a heavy rainstorm. 
The stronger the wind the greater the difference is apt to be. In a 
high location eddies of wind produced by walls of buildings divert 
rain that would otherwise fall in the gage. A gage near the edge of 
the roof, on the windward side of a building, shows a less rainfall 
than one in the center of the roof. The vertical ascending current 
alongside of the wall extends slightly above the level of the roof, and 
part of the rain is carried away from the gage. In the center of a 
large flat roof, at least 60 feet square, the rainfall collected by a gage 
does not differ materially from what is collected at the level of the 
ground. A rain gage mounted on a mast at the height of 43 feet col- 
lects only 0.75 as much as at the ground; at 85 feet, only 0.64; and at 
194 feet, only 0.58. A gage on a plain with a fence 3 feet high around 
it at a distance of 3 feet will collect 6 per cent more rain than without 
the fence. These differences are due entirely to wind currents. 
Forests intercept from 6 to 15 per cent of the rainfall in different 
rainstorms. 

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE USB OF THE RAIN GAGE. 

Description of gage. — The rain gage consists of the following parts: 
The receiver A; the overflow attachment B; the measuring tube O. 

The top cylindrical portion of the receiver, marked a in fig. 5, is 
exactly 8 inches in diameter, inside, and is provided with a funnel- 
shaped bottom, which conducts any precipitation falling into the 
receiver into the tall cylindrical measuring tube C, the total height of 
which, inside, is exactly 20 inches. The diameter of this tube is much 
smaller than the large receiving tube a, being only 2.53 inches. In 
consequence of this a small amount of rain falling into the receiver 
and flowing into C fills the latter to a depth greater than the actual 
rainfall in proportion as the area of the receiver is greater than the 
area of the measuring tube. In the standard gages of the Weather 
Bureau the depth of the rainfall, in accordance with this principle, is 
magnified just ten times. The receiver A has a sleeve ^, fig. 5, which 
slips over the tube C, and very effectually prevents any loss of rain- 
fall. Again, when the rainfall is very heavy the tube C may be more 
than filled. In this case, to still prevent loss, a little opening, shown 
at e, fig. 5, is made in the sleeve d, just on a level with the top of the 
tube C. 

6082—09 3 



18 

The excess of rainfall escapes through this opening, and is retained 
in the large overflow attachment B, and can be measured afterwards, 
as will be described below. The diameter of the overflow attachment 
in the latest style gages is now made just 8 inches inside diameter. 
The object of this is to be able to use this portion of the instrument as 
a snow gage, as will be explained hereinafter. 

RAIN GAGE AND SUPPORT. 

The box in which the gage is shipped to the observer is expressly 
designed as a stand for the instrument, and should be opened at the 



Front View. 



Vertical Sectiort. 




Receiver 


■ 1 






ill i ' 


{ 


inyll! 


^^ 




^y^'^ 
d 


■ 





Horizontal Section, E.K 




O t 2 3 4 S 6 7 d 3 10 II IS t3 /4 /S tGJ7 /8 /9 20 SI 22 ?3 24 (nchsq 
SCAL£.. 

Fig. 5.— Rain gage. 



head, which is fastened by screws. Set the box up as nearly vertical 
as possible at the place selected for the exposure, and secure it in this 
position by driving down four stakes alongside, in the manner indi- 
cated in fig. 6. Care must be taken to have the gage in a truly ver- 
tical position. Slip in the head and lower it to the level of the screw 
holes in the sides of the box about 10 inches from the bottom, where 
the head will be securely fastened with the screws taken out in open- 
ing the box. The gage can now be placed inside, and appears as 
shown in fig. 60 



19 



TO MEASURE RAINFALL AND SNOWFALL. 



RAINFALL. 



The rain-gage measuring stick is graduated into inches and tenths 
of inches. Remembering that the actual depth of the rainfall is mag- 
nified ten times, as explained above, it is plain that if we find the v/ater 
10 inches deep in the measuring tube, the real rainfall must have been 
only 1 inch deep; or, if the water in the tube is only one-tenth inch 
(or, written as a decimal, 0.1 inch deep), 
the rainfall must have been only one one- 
hundredth inch (or, written as a decimal, 
0.01 inch). 

To save observers the trouble of always 
thinking about the magnification, and to 
avoid possible errors in reports, the num- 
bers on the graduations of the measuring 
sticks are not actual inches, but have all 
been divided by 10, and thus represent the 
actual rainfall. Moreover, these numbers 
are expressed in hundredths of inches of 
rainfall, and are written as decimal frac- 
tions. Thus the 10-inch line is numbered 
1.00 (read one and zero hundredths), 
which is the depth of rainfall in inches 
corresponding to 10 inches of water in 
the measuring tube; siiriilarly the 1-inch 
line is numbered 0.10 (read ten one-hun- 
dredths) , which again is the depth of rain- 
fall in inches corresponding to 1 inch of 
water in the tube. 

The depth of the water is measured by 
inserting the measuring stick into the 
gage through the small hole in the funnel. When the stick reaches 
the bottom of the measuring tube it should be held for one or 
two seconds and then quickly withdrawn and examined to see at 
what division of the graduation the top of the wetted portion comes. 
The numbering of this division, as stamped on the sticky gives, as has 
just been explained, the actual depth of rainfall, and in making out 
records and reports observers should always use the decimal expres- 
sions. Of course, it will rarely happen that the top of the wetted 
portion will fall exactly upon one of the numbered lines — it will gen- 
erally be on or near one of the shortest lines. Thus, for example, 
suppose the watermark comes to the sixth short line beyond the line 




Fig. 6.— Rain Gage Ami 
Support. 



20 

numbered .80; the proper record to make in this case would be 0.86- 
inch rainfall. The number of short lines, reckoned from the num- 
bered line next lower, are always to be inserted in place of the in the 
stamped numbers. 

Observers should always be careful to put the stick into the gage 
so that the end at which the numbering begins goes to the bottom, 
and the stick passes through the middle of the tube; for if the stick is 
placed near the sides the water is sometimes drawn up by capillary 
action into the narrow space between the stick and the tube, so as to 
wet the former entirely too high and give very erroneous records. 

After measuring and recording in this way the precipitation found 
in the gage the top should be removed, the measuring tube emptied 
and drained, and the gage put in position again. Observers should be 
careful after emptying the gage to replace the measuring tube so that 
the bottom stands within the ring in the middle of the bottom of the 
overflow, and in putting on the receiver that it passes over the measur- 
ing tube and rests squarely down upon the overflow. 

When the amount of rain that has fallen more than fills the measur- 
ing tube, some care is required to determine the total rainfall. First, 
carefully remove the receiver so as not to spill any of the v/ater in the 
measuring tube, which should be exactly full. If some water has 
been slopped out and the measuring tube is not exactly full, the 
amount of water remaining must be accurately measured with the 
stick as already described. The tube is then lifted out slowly and 
carefully, if full, so as not to spill any of the water into the overflow, 
emptied, and allowed to drain a moment or so. The water remaining 
in the overflow is now poured into the measuring tube, being careful 
not to lose any, and measured in the usual way. Suppose we find this 
to be 0.47 inch rainfall, then, remembering that the measuring tube is 
just 20 inches high, the total rainfall will be 2 inches plus 0.47 inch = 
2.47 inches. Or, in case some water was spilled from the measuring 
tube, the 0.47 inch should be simply added to the first measured 
amount to give the total rainfall. 

SNOWFALL. 

During the winter season, especially in those climates where the 
precipitation is nearly all in the form of snow, it is necessary to expose 
only the overflow attachment in the support as a snow gage, removing 
the receiver and measuring tube to the house, as these parts can not 
be used for measuring snow, and even if rain should occur it is very 
apt to be frozen while in the measuring tube, generally bursting it 
and rendering it worthless or highly inaccurate. 

First method. — The snowfall collected in the overflow attachment is 
measured by first placing the vessel in a warm room until the snow is 



21 

melted. The water is then carefully poured into the measuring tube 
and measured just as though it were rainfall. 

Second method. — The above method is objectionable because it often 
requires considerable time and is liable to be inaccurate owing to the 
loss of the snow or water by evaporation. The following plan is much 
better, unless clumsily conducted so as to spill and waste the water: 
Take the overflow into the room and pour into it, carefully, one meas- 
uring tube full to tlie brim with water, preferably warm water. This 
in general will mostly melt, or at least reduce to a very fluid slush a 
considerable snowfall.. The measuring tube should be again carefully 
filled to the brim from the melted contents of the overflow and emp- 
tied, whereupon the remaining water in the overflow should be care- 
fully measured in the measuring tube, thus giving quickly and easily 
the depth of melted snow. 

The amount of snow collected in the overflow of the rain gage is 
likely to be greatly deficient when the wind blows during the snow- 
fall. In such cases it will be much better if the observer will discard 
the snowfall in the overflow, empty it out, and cut out a normal 
section of the snow in an open place where it has neither drifted nor 
blown away. This section is to be taken by plunging the empty 
overflow mouth dovv'nward in the snow, so as to cut out a cylindrical 
portion the size of the overflow and the depth of the snow. By the 
use of a thin board or other means it will not be difficult to gather up 
the complete section of snow inside the overflow, after which it should 
be reduced to slush and measured, as already explained. 

In addition to this measurement by the gage a measurement will be 
made of the actual depth in inches of the snow on the ground. Select 
a level place of some extent, where the drifting is least pronounced, 
and measure the snow in at least three places. The mean of these 
measurements will give the snowfall, which is to be entered in the 
column of the report headed "Depth of snowfall in inches," and when- 
ever it is impracticable to melt the snow as described in the preceding 
paragraphs, one-tenth of this mean will give an approximate value, in 
water, for the snow which could not be melted. This value must be 
set down in the proper column of the report in precisely the same 
manner as rainfall, or snow melted in the gage. After having once 
made a measurement of the snowfall it is not desired that the same 
snow be measured at each succeeding observation until it shall finally 
disappear. Any fresh snow, however, should be measured and re- 
corded as it falls. 

Observations of rainfall should be made at the time of river obser- 
vations, and the gage should be emptied of all the w^ater it may con- 
tain as soon as it has been measured. 



22 

If no rain, snow, or hail has fallen during the period of observation 
make the entry .00 in the proper column. If the amount is too small 
to measure, make the entry ''Trace'' or "TJ' 

It is particularly important in the interests of accuracy that the ob- 
servations be recorded as soon as made, and that the daily entries be 
made each day. Even if no rain has fallen, the observer should bear 
in mind that his official record of that fact is very important. 

RECORDINa OBSERVATIONS. 

Form 1006, Mefl. — The record of the observations made at the 
station for the month, and should be filled up in accordance with the 
instructions printed on the back of the form. 

The form should be mailed to the official in charge of the district 
center on the first day of the succeeding month. 

Before mailing, a copy must be made by the observer in the book 
furnished for that purpose. 

Form 3069, Tel. — For telegraphing reports in accordance with in- 
structions hereinafter given. 

Form 1084, Mefl (postal card). — For reporting the daily observa- 
tions to the official in charge of district center or to other officials 
when specially authorized. 

Form 1049, Met'l {postal card). — For reporting the record of the 
stage of water in the river for the month, to the Chief, U. S. Weather 
Bureau, Washington, D. C. This is the original record of river stages. 

PROPERTY. 

When property and supplies are furnished to an observer, an item- 
ized receipt therefor will be immediately mailed to the official in 
charge of the district. 

When an observer is relieved from charge of a station, he will make 
out a list in triplicate of all Government property in his possession, 
and append at the bottom thereof the following certificate : 

{Date) , 19—. 

I certify that I have this day received from {name of former observer) 

the above-mentioned articles in good condition unless otherwise specified hereon. 

{Name of new observer) . 

One copy of this report will be mailed to the official in charge of the 
district, one given to the new observer, and the third retained by the 
retiring observer. 

When from any cause any article of property becomes unserviceable 
or in need of repairs, the fact must be at once communicated to the 
official in charge of the district for such action as he may deem proper 
and necessary. 



23 

The Chief of the Weather Bureau reserves the right to withhold 
payment from any person who persistently neglects to make his reports 
accurately and forward them promptly. Payment wdll be made 
quarterly. 

REPORTS, WHEN TELEGRAPHED. 

The telegraphic reports must be sent as soon as possible after the 
observation is taken. 

Some river observers, when specially instructed, telegraph daily 
stages to the district center, others only when the river reaches a cer- 
tain height on the gage, and still others when the water is near, at, or 
above the flood stage. 

In all cases, however, when the rainfall in the past twenty-four 
hours equals or exceeds 1 inch (or less in special cases), the observer 
will take a reading of the river gage and telegraph it, together with 
* the amount of precipitation, direction of wind, and state of w^eather 
at the time of observation, to the official in charge of the district 
center. 

Telegrams concerning the formation or breaking up of ice gorges, 
of heavy drift, or other obstructions in the river, wlien of sufficient 
extent to endanger navigation or destroy property, will be sent to the 
district centers and places specially authorized. The telegrams should 
give, in as few words as possible, the location and extent of the dam 
or obstruction. 

' Observers will not prepay telegrams on official business, as settle- 
ment will be made by the Washington Central Office direct with the 
telegraph companies sending the reports. 

TELEGKAPMINa REPORTS. 

It is usually required that telegraphic reports of river stages, efc, 
be made in cipher. This is for the purpose of saving expense in the 
transmission of messages. 

The cipher accompanying these instructions will be used in tele- 
graphing reports. 

^Tien the river is rising at the time of observation, use the cipher 
words in the column headed '^Rising;" when falling, those headed 
^'^ Falling." 

The rising or falling words will be used by the observer in enci- 
phering the stage according to the information available at the time of 
observation, as to whether the river is rising or falling. This may be 
ascertained from any noticeable water marks indicating a rise or a fall, 
or from any special observation made since the last regular a. m. 
observation. YvTien there is no special knowledge as to whether the 
river is rising or falling at the time of observation the code word 
selected to be sent will indicate rising or falling, according as it may 



24 

be shown to be by comparison witli the previous day's observation 
at 8 a. m. 

The rising or f aUing feature of a river is especially important at the 
high stages when the crest of a flood wave is approaching. 

The cipher words should be carefully and legibly written in letters 
that can not be misunderstood. 

Observers are advised to write messages, whenever possible, in 
print letters instead of a running hand. Where written in a running 
hand the letter ^'n/' wherever it occurs in the message, should be 
underscored thus n. This is a device for distinguishing ^ ^ n " from ^ ' u " 
where it is a matter of importance. Care should be taken to so make 
the script or running-hand letters that an ^'o" may not be mistaken 
for an '^a," a 'H" for an '^1," an '4" for an '^e/' and so on. 

When there is difficulty experienced in translating a cipher message 
at a district center, or when the stage is apparently wrong or incon- 
sistent with observations at other places, caused by careless writing 
of the message, the observer may be required by a special message 
from the district center to send the stage in plain words. In such a 
case the message must contain the stage of the river in plain words ; 
as, for instance, '"forty-five six" for fortj^-five feet six tenths. In 
such message no wind direction, state of weather, or rainfall will be 
sent. 

One copy of the telegram will be given to the operator at the tele- 
graph office and a copy retained by the observer. 

Messages should be ffied at the telegraph office as soon as practicable 
after the observation has been taken. 

Reports for telegraphic transmission will be enciphered on Form 
3069, as follows: The first space will contain the word ''observer;" 
the second, the name of the place to which the report is to be tele- 
graphed; the third, the name of the station from which the report is 
telegraphed; the fourth, the cipher word for the date and time of the 
report; the fifth, the word to indicate the direction of wind and state 
of weather; the sixth, the word for the stage of water; the seventh, 
the depth of rainfall; the eighth, the depth of unmelted snow in 
inches, and the ninth, the surname of the observer sending the report. 
If there is no snow on the ground, the name of the observer will go 
in the eighth space. If no rain or snow has fallen, the name will go 
in the seventh space. 

The following is an example of an enciphered report, with the trans- 
lation. The water is above the zero of the gage and the ground cov- 
ered with snow. 



25 



[Form No. 3069, Tel.] 

XJ. S. Department op Agriculture, Weather Bureau. 

Telegraphic cipher report of observations . 

[Observation taken at Clinton, Tenn., on March 1, 1901, at 8 a. m.] 



1 

Observer 


Chattanooga 


3 
Clinton 


Baby 


Sing 


6 
Saddens 


7 
Humpy 


8 
Ten 


9 
Jones 


10 







Received at 
Sent at — — 



19- 



Observer. 



Operator. 



Note. — Operators will send only the matter inside the heavy lines, without address or signature. Full 
instructions for the preparation of this report will be found in the ''Weather Code," and on the back of 
this form. The letter "n" is underscored to distinguish it from "u." 

Translation. 

Observer, Chattanooga. . .Address of Weather Bureau observer at Chattanooga, Tenn. 

Clinton Name of river station at CUnton, Tenn. 

-D 1 fDate of report, first day of the month. 

■"-^^^y 1 Timc> nf nhsprAratirin (l^iYx Tnprirli«n 



Sing. 



\Time of observation (75th meridian), 8 a. m. 

f State of weather, rain. 

1 Direction of wind, northwest. 



o 1 1 (Stage of water in the river, 12.5 feet. 

S^d^^^« iRiver rising. 

Humpy Amount of rainfall, 0.01 of an inch. 

Ten Depth of unmelted snow on the ground, 10 inches. 

Jones Name of river observer. 

The following is an example of an enciphered report, followed by 
the translation, when the river is below the zero of the gage and there 
is no snow on the ground : 

[Form No. 3069, Tel.] 

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Weather Bureau. 

Telegraphic cipher report of observations . 

[Observation taken at Helena, Ark., on April 20, 1901, at 8 a. m.] 



1 

Observer 


9 

Memphis 


3 
Helena 


4 
Bear 


5 
Rush 


6 
Pedometer 


Brown 


8 


9 


10 







Recei^d at 
Sent at 



-, 19-. 



Observer. 



Operator. 



Note.— Operators will send only the matter inside the heavy lines, without address or signature. Full 
instructions for the preparation of this report wall be found in the "Weather Code," and on the back of 
this form. The letter "n" is underscored to distinguish it from "u." 



26 

Translation. 

Observer, Memphis..... Address of Weather Bureau observer at Memphis, Tenn. 

Helena Name of river station at Helena, Ark. 

-D fDate, twentieth day of the month. 

^ \Time of observation (75th meridian time), 8 a. m. 

-p , /State of weather, cloudless. 

■^^^^ - -IDirection of wind, west. 

PAHnmp+pr /Height of water below zero of gage, 2.8 feet, 

reaometer \River falling. 

Brown Name of river observer at Helena. 

TABLE FOR CONVERTING INCHES INTO TENTHS OF A FOOT. 

If the river gage is graduated in feet and inches, the inches will be 
converted into tenths of a foot by the following table before encipher- 
ing for telegraphing: 

1 inch of water equals one-tenth (0.1) of a foot. 

2 inches of water equal two-tenths (0.2) of a foot. 

3 inches of water equal three-tenths (0.3) of a foot. 

4 inches of water equal three-tenths (0.3) of a foot. 

5 inches of water equal four-tenths (0.4) of a foot. 

6 inches of water equal five-tenths (0.5) of a foot. 

7 inches of water equal six-tenths (0.6) of a foot. 

8 inches of water equal seven-tenths (0.7) of a foot. 

9 inches of water equal eight-tenths (0.8) of a foot. 

10 inches of water equal eight-tenths (0.8) of a foot. 

11 inches of water equal nine-tenths (0.9) of a foot. 

RIVER STAGE CIPHER COI>E. 

The code consists of about 1 ,400 words, so arranged that the condi- 
tion of the river at the time of observation (whether rising or falling) 
and the stage from 9.9 feet below zero to 60 feet above {including all 
the intervening tenths of feet) can be reported in a single word. 

The initial letters indicate the condition (whether rising or falling) 
of the river at the time of observation; thus words beginning with J 
or S represent river rising, words beginning with P or T represent 
river falling. 

Words beginning with J or P indicate stages below zero, from one- 
tenth of a foot to nine feet and nine-tenths, inclusive; those with S or 
T, immediately followed hy a vowel, indicate stages from zero to 49.9 
feet above, inclusive; those with S or T, immediately followed hy a 
consonant, indicate stages from 50 to 59.9 feet above, inclusive. 

As the S and T words, in which the initial letter is immediately fol- 
lowed by a vowel, cover a range of from zero to 49.9 feet above, 
inclusive, it is necessary to indicate the tens of feet in those ^ords 
otherwise than by the initial letters only. This is done by assigning 
certain values to the first vowel, thus u or y = ; a = 10; e=20; i=30; 
o =40; thus words beginning with Su or Tu represent stages less than 
10 feet; Sa or Ta, over 10 and less than 20; Se or Te, over 20 and less 
than 30; Si or Ti, over 30 and less than 40; So and To, over 40 and 
less than 50. 



27 

The units offset are indicated by the first consonant (immediately 
preceding a vowel) of the second syllable, according to the following 
values, viz: b=01., d=02,, f=03., g=04., m=05., n-06., r=07., 
s=08., t=09. Should the^rs^ consonant (immediately preceding a 
vowel) of the second syllable be one which has no value in the code, 
that is, it is not b, d, f, g, m, n, r, s, or t, it indicates that there are 
no units of feet in that word. 

The tenths of a foot, in all words, are indicated by the vowel imme- 
diately following the consonant which represents the units of feet. The 
values assigned to the vowels indicating the tenths of a foot are as fol- 
lows: uory=0.0; a=0.2; e=0.4; i=0.6; o =0.8. These values (m 
order to indicate the odd tenths of a foot, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) 
are subject to the proviso that the final letter of the word in which any 
^ of them occur is not ^^s"; if it is, then the value of the significant vowel 
indicating the tenths of a foot in that particular word is increased hy 
one-tenth. That is to say, words ending in ^^s" indicate stages in 
which the tenths of a foot are 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, or 0.9, while words 
ending in any other letter indicate stages in v/hich the tenths of a foot 
are 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, or 0.8, as may be more readily seen from the 



following table: 






Final letter not "s." 


Final letter "s." 


uory=0.0; 


U or 


y=o.i; 


a=0.2; 




a=0.3; 


e=0.4; 




e=0.5; 


1=0.6; 




i=0.7; 


0=0.8. 




0=0.9. 



A stage of 60 feet if river is rising is indicated by the w^ord 
^' Sword;" if river is falling, by the word ''Twoply." These words, 
as will be noticed, are arbitrary, that is, they are not formed accord- 
ing to the key. 

When the stage is above 60 feet, the word indicating 60 feet, rising 
or falling, as the case may be, will be sent, immediately followed by 
the word representing the stage in excess of 60 feet which is to be 
reported; thus a stage of 70 feet rising would be enciphered by two 
words '^ Sword" — '^Sack;" a stage of 69.9 feet falling would be 
enciphered ^^Twoply"—^^ Tutors." 

Should the river become frozen, the word ^^ Frozen" w^ll be added 
to the next succeeding report only. 

The following are examples of the use of the code. 

0.9 below zero, falling, ''Pathos." 
1.2 below zero, rising, "Jobation." 
6.0 above zero, falling, "Tunny." 
9,0 above zero, rising, "Suture." 
55.3 above zero, falling, "Thomas." 

58.7 above zero, rising, "Spousings." 

68.0 above zero, falling, "Twoply "— "Tucksy." 

75.8 above zero, rising, "Sword" — "Salmon." 



28 

The code for precipitation gives a word for each even hundredth of 
an inch from 0.02 to 4.98, inclusive, and also for 0.01 inch and ''trace" 
(amount too small to measure). When more than 0.01 is measured 
only the even hundredths will be telegraphed; when the measurement 
is exactly halfway between two even numbers the lower of the two 

will be sent. 

Example. 

0.12 inch, send the word, "Husband." 
2.54 inches, send the word, "Helmet." 
0,01 inch, send the word, "Humpy." 
"Trace," send the word, "Hung." 

Should the precipitation exceed 5 inches, the word five, six, or 
seven, etc. (to indicate the inches), will be entered on Form 3069, 
Tel., and immediately following the extra hundredths will be en- 
ciphered in a regular word. Should exactly 5, 6, 7, or more inches 
fall use the proper figure and follow with the word for ''trace." 

Example. 

7.30 inches, send the words, "Seven Hurtful." 
6.00 inches, send the words, "Six Hung." 



29 



1 

ft 


tH!MCO^ 


lOCD t^CO 


05 0.-IC1 


ro-f lOO 


^22Si 


?i?ig5?; 


S^?;?S 


^^?5 


1 

3 




!^ -H ft 

> IOC3 c3 
03 03 o; 03 


03 03 03 O 


03 03 03. ii 


'gf.i^ft 




0000 








c3 c3 o3 c3 


C3 03 03 03 


03 03 03 -P 


.p 


OOOO 


p3 




a 
ft 

00 










PPPP 


'a.2>;p > 
PPPP 
PPPP 


03 +j 

o3 03^:3 a 
> > > y, 

PPPP 


ki >^ k) 
PPP 


a 


03 

^ a.a a 

c3 c3 03 03 

oaoo 


PI fts-i w 
03 03 c3 03 
OOOO 


i^p^>. 

cS o3 03 c3 

OOOO 


OOOO 


.sill 

OOOO 


loll 

OOOO 


^.a-O^ 

(- t-l tH 3 

OOOO 


000 


a 

ft 

CO 


'c^:^a 

c3 03 c3 c3 

oaoo 


a§a£? 

03 c3 03 c« 
OOOO 


OOOO 


OOOO 


^sa^ 

OOOO 

OOOO 


OOOO 


OOOO 


ftSt: fc. 
P 3 P 
000 


a 
ft 


^03^S 


a a p a 


03 

tH P £ fcH 

p p p p 


p i;?.a 

pp'p'p" 
PPPP 


II ^g 

Op p p 

PPPP 


p p p ft 
PPPP 


ftftftd^ 
PPPP 


03 

PPP 


ft 




fill 




«2 ^ 

03 3 03^ 




•c S c; s^ 




-c.a| 


a 


03 03 'S'^ 
02 02 02 02 


-2 

« C P M 

03 c3 03 03 


P^!>.§ 
c3 03 03 O 

mmmm 


C3 P P M 


Mt 


03^ P >^ 

c2 oi c2 c5 


.a.a.p^ 

mmmm 


M 

r- P W) 

p: 3 P 
mmm 


a 

03 

o 


<VM 03 

AhPhPmPh 


llll 




P 

llll 


8^ 

PPPPh 


PPPP 


llll 

PPPP 


1^1 

PPP 


a 

03 
00 




pqpqpppp 


pUPQfqpp 


§03 .a 
PPPP 


rP G t-l 

-^52 c3 03 
03 03 03 03 
PPPP 


rc-P 
TJ MP'S 
03 03 03 03 
PPPP 


pqpqpqpq 


PPP 


a 


§ ^ ^ ^ 
fiPfifi 


c3 03 03 03 
PPfiP 


P t>io3 o3 
PPPP 


llll 


PPPP 


.22 

PPPP 


PPPP 


PPP 


a 

CO 


IrH t-l l-H Ir-I 


l-(|-Hl-lt-l 


asaa 


lift 
aaap 

i-Ht-lh-4l— 1 


fl P P P 


ossa 
PPPP 


p p p^ 


03 a' 

PPP 


ai 

a 
i 

a 




s 

03 
ft 


rHIMi-O-^ 


lO to t^OO 


OiOj-HC^ 


OO^lOO 


^ssa 


c^?^?5^ 


^^^§^ 


^^P. 



30 

CODE FOR DIRECTION OF WIND AND STATE OF WEATHER. 









State of weather. 






Direction of 












wind. 














Clear. 


Partly cloudy. 


Cloudy. 


Rain. 


Snow. 


Calm 


Us 


All 


Each 


Ink 


Oak 


N. 


Bulk 


Bank 


Beak 


Birth 


Book 


NE. 


Duck 


Damp 


Debt 


Dip 


Dog 


E. 


Full 


Faith 


Few 


Fish 


Folk ^ 


SE. 


Guy 


Gall 


Get 


Gig 


Gown 


S. 


My 


Mark 


Mean 


Milk 


Moth 


sw. 


Nut 


Nail 


Nest 


Nick 


Nook 


w. 


Rush 


Raw 


Rend 


Rink 


Round 


NW. 


Sunk 


Say 


Seek 


Sing 


Soak 



All code words must be distinctly printed. 

"Fog," "sleet," "clearing," etc., can be indicated by an extra word. 

PRECIPITATION SINCE LAST 8 A. M. REPORT. 



T. 


Hung 


.70 


Hurrying 


1.40 


Handgun 


.01 


Humpy 


.72 


Hurrah 


1.42 


Haggard 


.02 


Huzzaing 


.74 


Hundred 


1.44 


Hargett 


.04 


Humble 


.76 


Hungrily 


1.46 


Hanging 


„06 


Hulking 


.78 


Hydrometer 


1.48 


Hagood 


.08 


Hullo 


.80 


Hussy 


1.50 


Halmus 


.10 


Humbug 


.82 


Hussar 


1.52 


Handmaid 


.12 


Husband 


.84 


Hulsean 


1.54 


Hammer 


.14 


Huckberry 


.86 


Hussite 


1.56 


Hamilton 


.16 


Hubbite 


.88 


Hudson 


1.58 


Harmon 


.18 


Humbolt 


.90 


Hubturn 


1.60 


Hagny 


.20 


Hurdy 


.92 


Huntable 


1.62 


Hannah 


.22 


Huldah 


.94 


Hunter 


1.64 


Harness 


.24 


Hurden 


.96 


Hunting 


1.66 


Hay knife 


.26 


Hurdles 


.98 


Hutton 


1.68 


Hanover 


.28 


Huntdog 


1.00 


Hack 


1.70 


Harry 


.30 


Hurtful 


1.01 


Happy 


1.72 


Harass 


.32 


Huntfarm 


1.02 


Harland 


1.74 


Harebell 


.34 


Hulfere 


1.04 


Hamlet 


1.76 


Harrison 


.36 


Huffish 


1.06 


Hacking 


1.78 


Harrow 


.38 


Hub form 


1.08 


Havoc 


1.80 


Haysucker 


.40 


Huguenot 


1.10 


Hapsburg 


1.82 


Handsaw 


.42 


Hungarian 


1.12 


Hatband 


1.84 


Hawser 


.44 


Hunger 


1.14 


Habeas 


1.86 


Halfsister 


.46 


Hugging 


1.16 


Habit 


1.88 


Hassock 


.48 


Hugo 


1.18 


Harbor 


1.90 


Haughty 


.50 


Humus 


1.20 


Handy 


1.92 


Hardtack 


.52 


Human 


1.22 


Haddam 


1.94 


Hatter 


.54 


Hymen 


1.24 


Hayden 


1.96 


Halting 


.56 


Humidity 


1.26 


Harding 


1.98 


Hampton 


.58 


Hummock 


1.28 


Haddock 


2.00 


.Hen 


.60 


Huffsnuff 


1.30 


Handful 


2.01 


Healy 


.62 


Hymnal 


1.32 


Halfage 


2.02 


Hellcat 


.64 


Hunnewell 


1.34 


Hay fever 


2.04 


Heaven 


.66 


Hunnicut 


1.36 


Hadfield 


2.06 


HeaHng 


.68 


Hypnotic 


1.38 


Hartford 


2.08 


Hemlock 



31 



Precipitation Since last 8 a. m. Report — Continued. 



2.10 


Heartburn 


3.10 


Highbuilt 


4.10 


Hobby 


2.12 


Herbage 


3.12 


Highbacked 


4.12 


Hogback 


2.14 


Herbert 


3.14 


Hibernian 


4.14 


Hotbed 


2.16 


Herbis 


3.16 


Hibicus 


4.16 


HornbiU 


2.18 


Herdboy 


3.18 


Highborn 


4.18 


Hoboy 


2.20 


Hedyle 


3.20 


Hindustan 


4.20 


Honduras 


2.22 


Heyday 


3.22 


Hidalgo 


4.22 


Hockday 


2.24 


Herder 


3.24 


Hinder 


4.24 


Holder 


2.26 


Heading 


3.26 


Hiding 


4.26 


Hoarding 


2.28 


Herndon 


3.28 


Hindoo 


4.28 


Hoodoo 


2.30 


Helpful 


3.30 


Highfurled 


4.30 


Hodful 


2.32 


Head fast 


3.32 


Highfalls 


4.32 


Holdfast 


2.34 


Heifer 


3.34 


Highfed 


4.34 


Hoofed 


2.36 


Headfish 


3.36 


Highfinish 


4.36 


Hoofing 


2.38 


Heathfowl 


3.38 


Hillfolk 


4.38 


Holdforth 


2.40 


Headguide 


3.40 


Hindgut 


4.40 


Hoggy 


2.42 


Hellgate 


3.42 


Highgate 


4.42 


Howgate 


2.44 


Hedge 


3.44 


Hinge 


4.44 


Hodgen 


2.46 


Hedging 


3.46 


Higgins 


4.46 


Hoggish 


2.48 


Hengoose 


3.48 


Hipgout 


4.48 


Hobgoblin 


2.50 


Helmuth 


3.50 


Hillmule 


4.50 


Hogmullet 


2.52 


HelpmatG 


3.52 


Hickman 


4.52 


Hoffman 


2.54 


Helmet 


3.54 


Highmen 


4.54 


Holmes 


2.56 


Hermit 


3.56 


Hielmite 


4.56 


Homily 


2.58 


Henmold 


3.58 


Hindmost 


4.58 


Homo 


2.60 


Henny 


3.60 


Hinnus 


4.60 


Horny 


2.62 


Hernando 


3.62 


Hinan 


4.62 


Hobnail 


2.64 


Hennepin 


3.64 


Highness 


4.64 


Honesty 


2.66 


Hernia 


3.66 


Hinniate 


4.66 


Honied 


2.68 


Headnote 


3.68 


Hinoid 


4.68 


Honor 


2.70 


Henry 


3.70 


Highrule 


4.70 


Hoary 


2.72 


Herald 


3.72 


Hierarch 


4.72 


Horace 


2.74 


Hebrew 


3.74 


Hired 


4. 74 


Horehound 


2.76 


Herring 


3.76 


Hiring 


4.76 


Horrid 


2.78 


Herod 


3.78 


Hidrotic 


4.78 


Horror 


2.80 


Hersum 


3.80 


Hirsute 


4.80 


Hotsunk 


2.82 


Hearsay 


3.82 


Hilsa 


4.82 


Hosanna 


2.84 


Herself 


3.84 


Himself 


4.84 


Hose 


2.86 


Hesitate 


3.86 


Hissing 


4.86 


Hosiery 


2.88 


Hessomite 


3.88 


Highsouled 


4.88 


Hobson 


2.90 


Hearty 


3.90 


Hightuned 


4.90 


Hoity 


2.92 


Hectare 


3.92 


Hightaper 


4.92 


Hostage 


2.94 


Heater 


3.94 


Hinted 


4.94 


Hotel 


2.96 


Hectic 


3.96 


Hinting 


4.96 


Hoisting 


2.98 


Hectoid 


3.98 


History 


4.98 


Horton 


3.00 


High 


4.00 


Hoard 






3.01 


Highly 


4.01 


Holy 






3.02 


Highway 


4.02 


Holland 






3.04 


Higher 


4.04 


Hope 






3.06 


Hillier 


4.06 


Hopping 






3.08 


Hickock 

i 


4.08 


Hollow 







32 

RIVER REPORT IN FEET ANB TENTHS OF A FOOT. 

RIVER BELOW ZERO OF GAGE. 

Rising. Stage. Falling. 

Jettons 9.9 Patois 

Jawtooth 9.8 Pluto 

Jauntiness 9.7 Patients 

Jauntily 9.6 Pastime 

Jeterus 9.5 Patents 

Jester 9.4 Patella 

Jacktars 9.3 Potatoes 

Junta 9.2 Potash 

Jantus 9.1 Patulous 

Jetty 9 feet Putty 

Jacksons 8.9 Pinsors 

Jimson 8.8 Parson 

Jussis 8.7 Passions 

Jessica 8.6 Passing 

Josephus 8.5 Passes 

Jesse 8.4 Pease 

Jetsams 8.3 Passages 

Jessant 8.2 Passable 

Jesuits 8.1 Possums 

Jessup 8 feet Palsy 

Jurors 7.9 _ Pharos 

Jerome 7.8 Payroll 

Jurists . 7.7 Paris 

Jeering 7.6 Peril 

Jereeds 7.5 Parents 

Jeremiah 7.4 Palfrey 

Jurats 7.3 Pirates 

Jimcrack 7.2 Peerage 

Jorums 7.1 Perukes 

Jury 7 feet Perusal 

Jannocks 6.9 .. __ Panoplies 

Juno 6.8 Pinole 

Juniors 6.7 Penitents 

Janitor 6.6 Peninsula 

Justness 6.5 Pines 

June 6.4 Panel 

Journals 6.3 Panadas 

Jonathan 6.2 Panacea 

Janus 6.1 Pannus 

Jenny 6 feet Peanut 

Jeelmoss 5.9 Pomologists 

All code words must be distinctly printed. 



33 

Rising. Stage. FaUIng. 

Jymold 5.8 Pamona 

Jemminess 5.7 Palmipeds 

Jasmine 5.6 Palmine 

James 5.5 Palmettos 

Jimmer 5.4 Palmed 

Jumarts 5.3 Pamas 

Jamaica 5.2 Penman 

Jamuls 5.1 Permutes 

Jimmy 5 feet Palmy 

Jargons __4.9 Pagodas 

Jingo 4.8 Pigot 

Joggings 4.7 Peggings 

Jiggish 4.6 Pagil 

Jiggers . _4.5 Pages 

Judge 4.4 Pigeon 

Jingalls 4.3 Pegassus 

Jiggamaree 4.2 Pagan 

Jugulates 4.1 Peguins 

Jugular 4: feet Pinguid 

Jafords 3.9 Performs 

Jailfoil 3.8 Pinfold 

Jagfirs 3.7 Pitfishes 

Jugfish 3.6 Perfidy 

Juffers 3.5 Pilfers 

Jefferson 3.4 Perfect 

Jeofails 3.3 : _ _ _Pitfalls 

Jawfall 3.2 Palmfan 

Joyfulness 3.1 Perfumes 

Jestful 3 feet Pailful 

Juddocks 2.9 Paddocks 

Jibdoor 2.8 Pedometer 

Judicious 2.7 Paddings 

Jading 2.6 Pedim 

Jardes 2.5 Pedestals 

Jade 2.4 Pander 

Judaists 2.3 Pedals 

Judah 2.2 Pindal 

Jurdus 2.1 Pindusts 

Judy ' 2 feet Paducah 

Jibbooms 1.9 Pollbooks 

Jamboree 1.8 Parboil 

Jubilees 1.7 Poebirds 

Jobbing 1.6 • Pay bill 



34 

Rising. Stage. Falling. 

Jibes 1.5 Pallbearers 

Jobber 1.4 Pemberton 

Jubas 1.3 Pebas 

Jobation 1.2 Panbase 

Jumbus 1.1 Pabulous 

Jewbush 1 foot Pabulum 

Jailors 0.9 Pathos 

Jaspoid 0.8 Pappoose 

Jerkings 0.7 Palliates 

Julian 0.6 Pallid 

Javelins 0.5 Pallets 

Javel 0.4 Pale 

Jalaps 0.3 Pampas 

Japan 0.2 Palate 

Julus 0.1 Papuans 

RIVER ABOVE ZERO OF GAOE. 

Sunk Zero Tucum 

Sulks 0.1 Tusks. 

Subjacent 0.2 Tuscany 

Surpass ^ 0.3 Tuckahoes 

Superb 0.4 Turtle 

Sublets : 0.5__._r Tumbles 

Survive 0.6 Tucking 

Suscitates 0.7 Tulips 

Suppose 0.8 Turcoman 

Subjoins - 0.9 Turcois 

Sudbury 1 foot Tubular 

Suburbs : 1.1 Tubulus 

Subastral 1.2 Tubal 

Subagents 1.3 Turbans 

Subbeadle 1.4 Tube 

Sunbeams 1.5 Tuberous 

Subinduce ' 1.6 Turbid 

Sunbirds _ 1.7 Turbidness 

Suboval 1.8 Tyboe 

Subordinates 1.9 Turbots 

Subduct 2 feet Turfdum 

Subdues 2.1 Turdulis 

Sudak 2.2 Tyndall 

Sundays 2.3 Tyndarus 

Sudden 2.4 Tysdell 

Suddenness 2.5 -_Tydeus 

Sundial 2.6 Tundish 



35 

Rising. Stage. Falling. 

Subdivides 2.7 Tuditanus 

Sundown 2.8 Tudor 

Subdolus _ 2.9 Tudors 

Suffusion 3 feet Turfy 

Suffuses 3.1 Tyfus 

Subfamily 3.2 Turfan 

Surfaces 3.3 Tuff as 

Sufferance 3.4 Turfed 

Suffers 3.5 Turfers 

Suffix 3.6 Tuficani 

Suffices 3.7 Turfings 

Suffolk 3.8 Tuffoon 

Suffocates 3.9 Tyfoons 

Surgy 4 feet Tuggy 

Surguts 4.1 Tunguses 

Sugar 4.2 Tugaloo 

Sugarless 4.3 Tygarts 

Suggestion 4.4 Tuggerah 

Suggests 4.5 Tuggers 

Surging 4.6 Turgid 

Suggillates 4.7 Turgidness 

Surgo 4.8 Tungo 

Sungors 4.9 Turgoils 

Summy ^ 5 feet Tumult 

Summus 5.1 Tumulous 

Sumatra 5.2 Turnman 

Summaries 5.3 Turmalines 

Summery 5.4 Tumefy 

Summers 5.5 Tumefies 

Summit 5.6 Tumid 

Summitless 5.7 Tumidness 

Summoner 5.8 Tumor 

Summons 5.9 Tumorous 

Sunnyside 6 feet Tunny 

Sunnus 6.1 Turnus 

Sunnapee 6.2 Tunable 

Surnames 6.3 Tunas 

Sunem 6.4 Tumey 

Subnects 6.5 Tunnels 

Sunning 6.6 Tuning 

Sunniness 6.7 . Turnips 

Subnote 6.8 Turnover 

Subnormals _ 6.9 Turnouts 

Surry 7 feet Turung 



36 

Rising. Stage. Falling. 

Syrups 7.1 Tyrus 

Syracuse 7.2 Tyranical 

Subtracts 7.3 Tyrants 

Surely 7.4 Turret 

Sureties 7.5 Tureens 

Syria 7.6 Turio 

Syringes. 7.7 Tyrians 

Surrogate 7.8 Tyro 

Surrounds 7.9 Tyrones 

Subsume 8 feet Tucksy 

Subsultus 8.1 Tursus 

Susannah 8.2 Tutsan 

Susans 8.3 Tussahs 

Sunset 8.4 Tusseiner 

Subserves 8.5 Tussers 

Subsidence 8.6 Tussicular 

Subsides 8.7 Tursins 

Subsolary 8.8 Tussock 

Subsoils 8.9: Tysonites 

Suture 9 feet Tufty 

Sumptuous 9.1 Tutuilas 

Sustainable 9.2 Tutary 

Sustains 9.3 Turntables 

System 9.4 Tutelary 

Subtends 9.5 Tutelages 

Subtile 9.6 Tutti 

Subtilizes 9.7 Tuitions 

Sutton 9.8 Tutoring 

Suitors 9.9 Tutors 

Say 10 feet Tally 

Salutes 10.1 Talks 

Salary 10.2 Tankard 

Salads 10.3 Tallages 

Save ' 10.4 Tape 

Sales 10.5 Tales 

Saline 10.6 Talking 

Salivates 10.7 Tapis 

Sallow 10.8 Talcose 

Saloons 10.9 Talons 

Sabula 11 feet Tabular 

Sabus 11.1 Tabulates 

Sabaism 11.2 Tabasco 

Sabbaths 11.3 .Tabards 

Sabellian 11.4 ^ Taber 



37 

Rising. Stage. Falling. 

Sabers 11.5 Tabernacles 

Sabianism 11.6 Tabid 

Sabines 11.7 Tabidness 

Sabot 11.8 Taboo 

Samboes 11.9 Taborets 

Sandy 12 feet Tardy 

Sadduces 12.1 Tardus 

Sadda 12.2 Tardation 

Sandals 12.3 Tardacious 

Saddest 12.4 Tadde 

Saddens 12.5 Tandems 

Sandiver 12.6 Tardily 

Sardines 12.7 Tardiness 

Sardonic 12.8 Tardo 

Sadocus 12.9 Tarldons 

Safune 13 feet Taffy 

Sackfuls 13.1 Taffys 

Safable 13.2 Tafa 

Safableness 13.3 Tafallas 

Safely 13.4 Tafeta 

Safes 13.5 Tafferels 

Saltfish 13.6 Tafi 

Safies 13.7 Tafias 

Sanford 13.8 Tarfork 

Sainfoins 13.9 Talfords 

Sanguine 14 feet Taguan 

Sanguifies 14.1 Tagus 

Sagacity 14,2 Taganet 

Sagacious 14.3 Tagals 

Sagely 14.4 Tangent 

Sageness 14.5 Targets 

Saginaw 14.6 Tangible 

Saginates 14.7 Taggins 

Sago 14.8 Tagolanda 

Sagoins 14.9 Tagouts 

Sammy 15 feet Talmud 

Samuels 15.1 Talmudists 

Samarcand 15.2 Tamable 

Samaritans 15.3 Tamarins 

Same 15.4 Tame 

Sameness 15.5 Tameness 

Samite 15.6 Taming 

Salmis. _ _ _ „ , 15.7 Tamines 

Salmon 15.8 Tamora 



38 

Rising. Stage. Falling. 

Samos 15.9 Tamos 

Sanny 16 feet Tawny 

Sannups 16.1 Tannus 

Sanable 16.2 Tannate 

Sanatives 16.3 Tannahills 

Sanely 16.4 Tanned 

Saneness 16.5 Tanners 

Sanity 16.6 Tannin 

Sanions 16.7 Tarnishes 

Sanok 16.8 Tarnow 

Sannos 16.9 Tapnors 

Sary 17 feet Tarry 

Sacrums 17.1 Taurus 

Sarah 17.2 Tarrant 

Saracens 17.3 Tarragons 

Sacred 17.4 Tarred 

Sacredness 17.5 Tarentulas 

Sacristy 17.6 Tarrier 

Sacrifices 17.7 Tariffs 

Saffron 17.8 Tagro 

Saronis 17.9 Tarrocks 

Salsuma 18 feet Tansy 

Satsumas 18.1 Tarsus 

Sausage 18.2 Tarsal 

Sassafras 18.3 Tarsals 

Sasse 18.4 Tasset 

Salses 18.5 Tassels 

Sassin 18.6 Tassian 

Salsifies 18.7 Tasimeters 

Samson 18.8 Tasso 

Sassorals 18.9 Tassoons 

Saturn 19 feet Tasty 

Saturates 19.1 Tartuffes 

Satanic 19.2 Tartar 

Satanisms 19.3 Tantalus 

Salted 19.4 Taste 

Satellites 19.5 Tasteless 

Satiate 19.6 Tactile 

Satisfies _ 19.7 Tactics 

Santon 19.8 Taunton 

Sandstones 19.9 Tattoos 

Seek 20 feet Tell 

Seals 20.1 Telys 

Secant 20.2 Tekamah 



39 

Rising. Stage. Falling. 

Sealarks 20.3 Templars 

Select 20.4 Tempest 

Sealegs 20.5 _ .. Tempestuous 

Sealing 20.6 Tepid 

Servitudes 20.7 Tellinas 

Seahog 20.8 Teletype 

Sepoys 20.9 Teapots 

Selby 21 feet Tenby 

Seabugs 21.1 Tebbys 

Sebate 21.2 Tebal 

Sebaceous 21.3 Tebars 

Sebesten 21.4 Tebeth 

Seabeans 21.5 Tebbes 

Seabird 21.6 Tebinal 

Sebiferous 21.7 Tebbins 

Seaboy 21.8 Teaboard 

Seaboards 21.9 Telbons 

Seduce 22 feet Teddy 

Sedulous 22.1 Tendums 

Sedate 22.2 Tendance 

Sedateness 22.3 Tendants 

Sedentary 22.4 Tender 

Senders 22.5 Tenderness 

Sediment 22.6 Tedium 

Seditious 22.7 Tedious 

Seldom 22.8 Tendo 

Seadogs 22.9 Tendons 

Seafurth 23 feet Tearful 

Seafurs 23.1 Teamfuls 

Sefatian 23.2 Telfair 

Serfages 23.3 Tenf ans 

Seafern 23.4 Termfee 

Seafennels 23.5 Terfens 

Seafish 23.6 Terfile 

Seafights 23.7 Telfis 

Seafoam 23.8 Telfort 

Seafowls 23.9 Tenfolds 

Sedgy 24 feet Tegular 

Seagulls 24.1 Teguments 

Segano 24.2 Tergal 

Segars • 24.3 Tergants 

Sedgewick 24.4 Tegellen 

Sedges 24.5 Teages 

Sedging 24.6 Tergiant 



40 

Rising. Stage. Falling. 

Seagirdles 24.7 Tergites 

Seagoing 24.8 Tergo 

Seagods 24.9 Tegorskois 

Seamy 25 feet Temulent 

Semunies 25.1 Temulences 

Selma 25.2 Termagancy 

Seamaids 25.3 Termagants 

Segment 25.4 Temerity 

Seamells 25.5 Temenos 

Seeming 25.6 Terminal 

Seminates 25.7 Terminates 

Semolino 25.8 Teignmouth 

Sermons 25.9 Telmos 

Senur 26 feet Tenure 

Seanymphs 26.1 Tenuous 

Senate 26.2 Tenable 

Senators 26.3 Tenants 

Seine 26.4 Tenet 

Seneschals 26.5 Tenements 

Senile 26.6 Tenioid 

Seniors '. 26.7 Tennis 

Segno 26.8 Tenon 

Senoculars 26.9 Tenors 

Serum 27 feet Terry 

Serrulates 27.1 Tetrus 

Seraphim 27.2 Terrapin 

Seraphs 27.3 Terraces 

Sebree 27.4 Terrence 

Serenades 27.5 Terrets 

Serial 27.6 Terrible 

Series 27.7 Terrifies 

Seabrook 27.8 Tenbrook 

Serous 27.9 . Terrors 

Sensual 28 feet Tessular 

Sensuous 28.1 Tensys 

Sensate 28.2 Tefsa 

Sensations 28.3 Tensates 

Sense 28.4 Tessellate 

Senseless 28.5 Tenses 

Sensible 28.6 Tensity 

Sensibleness 28.7 Tensions 

Seasonable 28.8 Telson 

Seasons . 28.9 Tensors 

Setule . 29 feet Testudo 



41 

Rising. , Stage. Falling. 

Sextus . 29.1 Testuous 

Sextant 29.2 Temptation 

Setaceous 29.3 Tetanus 

Sentence 29.4 Tetter 

Settees 29.5 Teamsters 

Setting 29.6 Tempting 

Sections 29.7 Testifies 

Seton 29.8 Teutonic 

Sextons 29.9 Teutons 

Silly 30 feet Tip 

Silks 30.1 Tillures 

Silvan - 30.2 Tillable 

Sillabubs 30.3 Tillages 

Silent 30.4 Tipper 

Silenes 30.5 Tiplers 

Silicate 30.6 Ticklish 

Silliness 30.7 Tippings 

Sirloin 30.8 Tivoli 

Sillons . 30.9 Tillots 

Sibyline 31 feet Tiburon 

Sibyls 31.1 Tilburys 

Sitzbath 31.2 Timbal 

Sinbads 31.3 Tidballs 

Siberia 31.4 Tiberg 

Siberians 31.5 Tiberius 

Sibilation 31.6 Tibial 

Sibilants 31.7 Tidbits 

Sibboleth 31.8 Tibbo 

Signboards 31.9 Timborines 

Sidulation 32 feet Tidy 

Sidulates 32.1 Tiduates 

Sidacene 32.2 Tidal 

Sirdars 32.3 Tindal 

Sideral 32.4 Tidesman 

Sideways 32.5 Tides 

Sindi 32.6 Tidily 

Sidings 32.7 Tidings 

Sindon ' 32.8 Tidology 

Sidonis 32.9 Tidors 

Sinful 33 feet Tiffy 

Sinfulness.. 33.1 Tightfuls 

Sitfast 33.2 Tifano 

Sif acs 33.3 Tiff anys 

Simfero 33.4 Tifernum 



42 

Rising. Stage. Falling. 

Sifers . 33.5 Tifersas 

Sifilet 33.6 Tiffish 

Siffians 33.7 Tiffins 

Sixfold 33.8 Tilford - 

Sixfooters 33.9 Tinfoils 

Singular 34 feet Tigutta 

Singultus 34.1 _ Tilgus 

Singapore 34.2 Tigaria 

Singacs 34.3 Tiogas 

Sigel 34.4 Tiger 

Singers 34.5 Tigellas 

Singing 34.6 Tingild 

Sigils 34.7 Tingis 

Sigourney 34.8 Tiggold 

Sigoes 34.9 Tibgoats 

Sigmund 35 feet Timmy 

Simulates 35.1 Tilmus 

Sigma 35.2 Timal 

Simars 35.3 Tiermas 

Simeon 35.4 Time 

Simmers 35.5 Timeless 

Similar 35.6 Timist 

Similes 35.7 Timidness 

Simony 35.8 Timothy 

Simoons 35.9 Timorous 

Sinuate 30 feet Tiny 

Sinuous 36.1 Tionus 

Signalize 36.2 Tinate 

Signals 36.3 Tinamous 

Sidney 36.4 Tinnent 

Sinners 36.5 Tinners 

Sinning 36.6 Tinning 

Signifies 36.7 _ _ Tinibras 

Signor 36.8 Tinnock 

Sinoples 36.9 Tinos 

Sirupy 37 feet Tigry 

Sirups 37.1 _Titrucks 

Sirrah 37.2 Tirano 

Sierras 37.3 Tirades 

Siren 37.4 Tired 

Sires . 37.5 Tireless 

Siritch 37.6 Tiring 

Sirius 37.7 Tigris 

Sirocco 37.8 Tiro 



43 

Rising. Stage. Falling. 

Siromus 37.9 Tironians 

Sissy 38 feet Tipsy 

Sisyphus 38.1 Tissues 

Sisal 38.2 Tirsah 

Sisamnes : 38.3 Tinsaws 

Sipsey 38.4 Tinselly 

Sises 38.5 Tinsels 

Sinsinawa 38.6 Tipsily 

Sissings 38.7 Tipsiness 

Simpson 38.8 Tilson 

Sissons 38.9 Timsons 

Sixty 39 feet Tincture 

Situates 39.1 Titus 

Siesta 39.2 Tintag 

Siltages 39.3 _ Titans 

Sixteen 39.4 Tighter 

Sites - - 39.5 Tightens 

Sistine 39.6 Titilation 

Sittings 39.7 Titilates 

Sinton 39.8 Tito 

Sitones 39.9 Tiptops 

Soak 40 feet Told 

Solubles : 40.1 Tolus 

Solar 40.2 Tokay 

Solaces 40.3 Towards 

Solemn 40.4 Toledo 

Soles ■_ 40 . 5 Tokens 

Solitude . 40.6 Tokio 

Solids : 40.7 Topics 

Solo 40.8 Tocoa 

Solons _-40.9 Toponis 

Sowbug 41 feet Toby 

Soapbubbles 41.1 Tobusos 

Sowbane 41.2 Tobacco 

Sorbates 41.3 Tobas 

Sober 41.4 Torbert 

Soberness i 41.5 Tomberlins 

Sobieski 41.6 Tombigbee 

Sobbings 41.7 Tobias 

Sokipboil 41.8 Tombo}^ 

Soboles _41.9 Toboggans 

Soddy 42 feet Toady 

Sodus 42.1 Toadyisms 

Soda 42.2 Tondano 



I 



44 

Rising. Stage. Falling. 

Sodalities 42.3 Toydarts 

Sodden 42.4 Todder 

Solders 42.5 Toadeaters 

Sodium 42.6 Toadish 

Soddings 42.7 Toadishness 

Sodomy 42.8 Tondorf 

Sodomites 42.9 Tondotus 

Songful 43 feet - Toyful 

Soefuls 43.1 Tofus 

Solfa 43.2 Tofano 

Sofas 43.3 Tofalls 

Sofett 43.4 Toffee 

Sofettes _ _43.5 Tofets 

Sofia 43.6 Topfit 

Sofisms 43.7 Torfields 

Soulfoot 43.8 Tomfoolery 

Sorfors 43.9 Tomfools 

Soggy 44 feet Tongue 

Solgus 44. 1 Tongueless 

Sogano 44.2 Togated 

Southgates 44.3 Togas 

Sogel . 44.4 Together 

Sogers 44.5 Toggeries 

Songish 44.6 Togging 

Sogginess 44.7 Toggings 

Sorgo 44.8 Tongo 

Sogonois 44.9 Torgochs 

Solmuth 45 feet Tommy 

Somus 45. 1 Tomyris 

Somal 45.2 Tomahawk 

Somatists 45.3 _ _Tomatoes 

Some 45.4 Tormentor 

Sortments 45.5 Torments 

Somina 45.6 Tomini 

Somites 45.7 Tomis 

Southmost 45.8 Toulmouche 

Solmonas 45.9 _ Tomoris 

Sonny 46 feet Tournure 

Soapnuts 46.1 Tonus 

Sonant 46.2 TonaHty 

Sonatas 46.3 Tonnages 

Sooner 46.4 Toned 

Sonnets 46.5 Tones 

Somnial 46.6 Tonnish 



45 

Rising. Stage. Falling. 

Somnifics 46.7 Tonics 

Sonoma 46.8 Tomnoddy 

Sonorous 46.9 Tonometers 

Sorry 47 feet Tory 

Sorus 47.1 Torus 

Sorrance 47.2 Touraco 

Socrates 47.3 Torrances 

Sorento 47.4 Tore 

Soreness 47.5 Torrefies 

Sorrily 47.6 Torrid 

Sorriness 47.7 Tourists 

Sorrowful 47.8 Torosity 

Sorrows 47.9 Torones 

Sonsy 48 feet Tonsured 

Soapsuds ^ 48. 1 Tolsus 

Soothsay 48.2 Toussaint 

Soothsayers 48.3 Topsails 

Souse 48.4 Tossed 

Sowses 48.5 Townsends 

Sossian 48.6 Tossing 

Sousings 48.7 Tonsils 

Soso 48.8 Topsole 

Soursops 48,9 Towsons 

Sooty 49 feet Torture 

Soltuns 49.1 Tortugas 

Sontag 49.2 Totality 

Soutages 49.3 . .Totals 

Softening 49.4 Tottering 

Softens 49.5 Totters 

Sottish 49.6 Tortilla 

Solstices 49.7 Tortious 

Soto 49.8 Tortoise 

Soapstones 49.9 _ . Tombstones 

Sharply 50 feet Trimly 

Shalus 50.1 Trijugous 

Shellac 50.2 Thecal 

Stewards 50.3 Thalamus 

Skillet 50.4 Thicken 

Spotless 50.5 Thankless 

Spavin 50.6 Thalian 

Stealings 50.7 Thalidans 

Shiloh 50.8 Thallogen 

Shakos 50.9 Tripods 

Stubby 51 feet Tribune 



46 

Rising. Stage. Falling. 

Strombus 51.1 Tributes 

Skimback 51.2 Threadbare 

Snowballs. _" __51.3 Thebans 

Stuben 51.4 Thibet 

Stabbers 51.5 Thibetans 

Scrubbing 51.6 Trebizond 

Stebbins 51.7 Twibills 

Stubborn 51.8 Tribolet 

Steamboats 51.9 Trombones 

Study 52 feet Thready 

Spondulics 52.1 Traduces 

Standard 52.2 Tridactyl 

Scandals 52.3 Thursdays 

Shadest , 52.4 Thunder 

Shoulders 52.5 Thunderless 

Spalding 52.6 Traditor 

SHdings 52.7 Traditions 

Shaddock 52.8 Theodoric 

Shadows 52.9 Theodolites 

Skillful 53 feet Thankful 

Spoonfuls 53. 1 Transfuses 

Stefano 53.2 Trafalgar 

Shroffages 53.3 Trifallows 

Strife 53.4 Transferring 

Snuffers 53.5 Transfers 

Starfish 53.6 Transfix 

Spearfishes 53.7 Traffics 

Stafford 53.8 Trefoil 

Scaffolds 53.9 Transforms 

Spongy 54 feet Triangular 

Shoguns 54. 1 Tragus 

Slogan 54.2 Tragacanth 

Sluggards 54.3 Tragalisms 

Sturgeon 54.4 Tragedy 

Strangers 54.5 Tragedians 

Staging 54.6 Tragic 

Sluggings 54.7 Tragicalness 

Strigon 54.8 Trigonal 

Slangous 54.9 -Trigonous 

Slimy 55 feet Tremulant 

Sloomus 55.1 __ Tremulous 

Stigma 55.2 Thermal 

Stomachs 55.3 Thomas 

Stamen 55.4 Trammel 




Stories W 57.7 Theorizes 

Spiroscope 57.8 Thorough 

Sparrows 57.9 Tharos 

Scissum 58 feet Treasury 

Scissures _ 58. 1 Thapsus 

Spousage 58.2 Thessaly 

Spousals 58.3 Thousands 

Stansell 58.4 Thyself 

Spouses 58.5 Trisects 

Scissible 58.6 Transit 

Spousings 58.7 Thesis 

Slawson 58.8 Transom 

Scissors 58.9 Treasons 

Statute 59 feet Treaty 

Status 59.1 Treatures 

Sprigtail 59.2 Tractable 

Spartans 59.3 Tractators 

Spatter 59.4 Twister 

Shooters 59.5 Trustees 

Shooting 59.6 Thirtieth 

Stations __59.7 Treatings 

Stanton 59.8 Tractory 

Swintons 59.9 Traitors 

Sword 60.0 Twoply 

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